Myths as a Mirror of Society Essay

In a democratic society that struggles with how to support individuality and yet develop a consciousness of shared concerns and actions that promote equality, the color of your skin and the place of your origins still matter to a lot of people. Power relationships between people still exist and continue to influence people’s perceptions of themselves and the members of other groups. One of the struggles of a certain person is the construction of self, including identification and affiliation with one’s gender and a racial or ethnic group. Living in a â€Å"melting pot† of cultures like the United States, one could not help but encounter different people that belong to different ethnic group. In an article by Linda Seger entitled â€Å"Creating the Myths† (2000), she averred that although people come from different cultures or has a different skin color, We share similar experiences in the life journey of growth, development, and transformation. We live the same stories, whether they involve the search for a perfect mate, coming home, the search for fulfillment, going after an ideal, achieving the dream, or hunting for a precious treasure. Whatever our culture, there are universal stories that form the basis for all our particular stories. The trappings might be different, the twists and turns that create suspense might change from culture to culture, the particular characters may take different forms, but underneath it all, it’s the same story, drawn from the same experiences (p. 308). Living in a multi-ethnic society does not come in as easy. Often, we have heard or maybe encountered ourselves some prejudice with regards to people that has not the same color of our skin. In television and in movies, there are clashes in cultures. Unknown prejudice caused mainly by people’s refusal to accept reality as it is. When you see the word crash, it always summons to mind an unfortunate event that has to deal with vehicles. Someone even told me that it is prohibited to say this word when you are boarded on an airplane because you might cause panic among another passengers. Planes, cars and even computers crash. Crash basically means collision. Similarly, the title of Paul Haggis movie is Crash (2005). However, viewers will see not only collisions involving cars, but collisions involving race, culture and classes. Although it is just a movie, †Crash† tackles the realities of what cross-cultural panorama of Los Angeles urban life looks like. More than an interwoven stories of mythic heroes, it involves no direct good or bad people. These are people interconnected to each other in vestiges of crime, racism, corruption, obligation, indignation and chance over a two-day period. The storyline superimposes the complexity of the multifaceted narratives of their lives entwined under the numerous social and psychological issues usually hidden inside the closet of the American consciousness. Demystifying the Plot Seger proposed that a myth is a story that is â€Å"more than true. † She elaborated that these stories are true because one person, somewhere, at some time, lived it. Like the stories that intertwine in the movie Crash, these events are based on facts that we encounter in our daily lives. We connect to a â€Å"myth† because we believe that this is more than true because it is lived by all of us, at some level. The plot of the movie Crash are stories that connects and speaks to us all. One of the poignant stories that revolve around the movie is about two cops, one senior and the other junior. The other jaded and abusive, the other one is a novice and willing to learn the ropes. These cops are played by Matt Dillon and Ryan Philippe respectively. One day, when they were assigned in their beat site, they pull over and eventually harass a black couple (Terrence Howard and Thandie Newton) because the SUV they’re driving vaguely fits the description of a carjacked vehicle that was reported. Viewers get the impression that the character of Matt Dillon is racist chauvinist pig. We immediately tag him as the villain. More complications swiftly supersede within 24 hours as archetypes of characters cross paths again in separate incidents of incredibly high tension. These archetype characters challenge both the prejudices that have formed between them and the assumptions we draw out from their different perspectives about race and culture as a whole. Later in the film, we are surprised to see that it turned out that Christine (Thandie Newton) that she encounters Sgt. Ryan (Matt Dillon), the racist cop who sexually molested her during a traffic stop the previous night, the officer on the scene who tries to pull her from the burning car. Of course, she refused. â€Å"Anyone but you! † Christine screamed. We see the frustration in the face of Sgt. Ryan. He profusely apologized and explained that nobody was there to help but him. He informed that gasoline was dripping off her car. More or less, she has to get out of there before it explodes. Hesitantly, Christine agreed after Sgt. Ryan promised not to touch her anymore. Luckily, Christine was pulled out before the explosion. Viewers are perplexed with the transformation of Sgt. Ryan as an anti-hero. Maybe, he was not bad after all. Heroes and anti-heroes abound the movie Crash. To further intricately muddle the conflicts, characters encounter and reencounter one another in highly convenient ways. For example, a young African-American criminal Peter (Lanrez Tate) is murdered. Fortunately, he has a brother, Graham (Don Cheadle), an LAPD detective, who discovers Peter’s dead body in the desert. Prior to learning of his brother’s death, Graham is thwarted by the district attorney’s office into suppressing evidence that may partially absolve a white police officer charged with killing a black cop. Incidentally, the district attorney (Brendan Fraser) is looking for a conviction that would help him gather enough support from the black community, since he is trying to manage a potential media scandal. He and his wife (Sandra Bullock) were carjacked in Sherman Oaks by two young black men. We come to realize that around the community of New York we get acquainted with various myths, as this movie depicted. We witness the patterns and elements that connect with our own human experience As film involves various crashes and clashes, forcefully it does not just invoke commonly hackneyed racially-charged confrontations found in some films, but it almost subliminally showcases how passive prejudice and pre-conceived notions are often prevalent in simple day-to-day life. Thus, people could just collide and all these complications happen within a blink of an eye, unaware that they are villains and victims all at the same time of the milieu. The Myths of Crash Although the dominant illusion of myths that Crash could perpetuate among its viewers about its own narrative is that each character does something virtuous in one situation, and something unconscionably racist in another. Entirely, this is not the case because some characters could be deemed as purely good people. These characters are not simply out and out heroes. They are called anti-heroes because they do not possess certain respect that people should bestow them because of racism and prejudice. The Latino locksmith Daniel exists solely to incur racist threats and insults from other characters, then to disprove their opinions through his role as the most upstanding of family men. Unfortunately, other characters display no redeeming traits, like the DA’s wife, Jean Cabot (Bullock) is depicted as a self-involved rich and uptight woman who is there to speak the unspeakable ‘truth’ when justifying her fear of black men. Eventually, she stops just short of calling Daniel a wetback, and undergoes a quite insincere transformation that resulted from her inability to understand that her housekeeper Maria (Yomi Perry) is nice to her when she fell down some steps and fractured her leg, and nobody else has given her sympathy. She had no choice, but be nice to the person who helped her (Sicinski, 2005). Craig Detweiler (December, 2005) analyzed that Haggis portrays the film as a depiction a fine interconnectedness of realistic portrait of pertinent issues with a subliminal touch of magic realism. The movie offers a range of familiar types, attempting to prick his viewers’ consciences without being overbearingly preachy or nearly jingoistic. As the film kicks off, tempers are already surging as invectives and epithets are blurted out without batting an eyelash. Prejudices are looking for confirmation. â€Å"I am angry all the time, and I don’t know why,† laments a frustrated housewife. The first half of the film whips up the melting pot of complications, with racist assumptions spilling out of the characters ears. Viewers relish a platter of racism and crime, seasoned with sexual harassment, a broken health-care system and the purchase of firearms. In the softer second half, Detweiler explains that the isolated moments suggest a possibility of redemption for the characters. A motorist hassled by the cops for â€Å"driving while black† turns out to be a conflict-avoiding â€Å"Buddhist for Christ’s sake. † But that doesn’t dissuade the police from violating his humanity and that of his wife. A statue of St. Christopher shows up at surprising times, but it ultimately proves ineffectual. A protective icon inspires a random act of violence. As Christmas unfolds in the movie, we see images of the nativity that could only summon unrealized prayers for â€Å"peace on earth† (Detweiler, 2005). Circumscribing the â€Å"circle† that goes around the film’s plot, a realization could smack its viewers that in the small world we are living in, we are connected to each other, like it or not. Conclusion To quote John F. Kennedy, he said that â€Å"every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. † In our present time, racism is a topic well-tackled among discussions. We are aware that it is generally loathed by people and we heard calls of putting a stop to it. We have seen the fall of Apartheid, we have seen those protests voicing out equality, but people still commit racism unconsciously as they encounter each other in their daily lives. Is prejudice primarily a question of color? How do differences of language and culture play into our misunderstandings? What must be done to bridge understanding and permanently inculcate the ugly face of prejudice regarding our differences? The film Crash does not present the myths to an ultimate panacea to racism and prejudice. But certainly, it is a mirror of the archetypes that persist in American society. It is presenting a consciousness about the interconnectedness of people and the situations that made them come up with their own realizations. Thus, the film invites its viewers to come up with their own realizations about the contemporary cross-section of American society and provide a space about perspectives on how to deal with their own prejudices. Works Cited Detweiler, Craig. Cultural Collisions. Sojourners Magazine. Washington, (December 2005), 34 (11): 45-46. Seger, Linda. â€Å"Creating the Myth. † Signs Of Life In The USA. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 308-316. Sicinski, Michael. Crash, Film Review. Cineaste. New York, (Fall 2005), 30 (4): 51-54.

Evaluation of the Most Important Decade in American History

This paper is going to be a step by step evaluation of arguably the most important decade in American History. The time period covered in this paper is 1789-1801. These are the years in which the Federalists had the most influence in the new government. They accomplished an amazing amount in these 12 years. The Federalist Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States. The members of this party supported a strong central government, a large peacetime army and navy, and a stable financial system. Although the first president, George Washington, was not a Federalist, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, was the developer and leader of the Federalist party. Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution so that the central government could become more powerful. Also Hamilton, along with the other party members, believed that commerce and manufacturing were more important than agriculture. During the first two years of the new federal government the biggest problem was that of raising money. At first the Congress adopted a small tariff on imports. This was a start but not nearly enough. The government needed this money to maintain its own existence and to be able to pay of the debt. The existence of the government was a necessity, but there was a lot of discussion as to whether the debt should be payed off. The mare magnitude of the debt seemed to compel some measure of avoidance. In 1789, the national debt totaled more than $50 million, $11,700,000 of which was owed to France and Spain and the private bankers of Netherlands, while $40 million was in the form of securities held by citizens of the United States. The interests owed to the bankers were being payed off by loans from the bankers themselves. The government didn†t even have enough money to pay the Barbary corsairs for release of captive sailors! When Congress couldn†t come up with a solution that was satisfactory, they turned to Alexander Hamilton with the dilemma. He soon proceeded to draw up a full report entitled â€Å"Report on Public Credit.† In this paper Hamilton proceeded to show that the only way for a new government to establish credit was to deal honestly with its creditors -for in many cases they would be the people to whom the government must look to for future loans. This policy received strong opposition from Madison and other soon to become Republicans (second political party in America). The federalists held strongly, but only with the passing of the Assumption Bill (movement of capital more toward the South) where they able to pass the bill. This achievement was significant, but lacked two things which would be necessary to carry it out. For one it lacked a circulating medium, and two it lacked a central bank. Hamilton then proposed a remedy. He wanted to establish a corporation that was to be called the Bank of the United States. This bank was to serve as the principle depository for government funds. It was also to serve as the issuer of bank notes. This was a loose interpretation of the constitution. Again Madison led the opposition to no avail. But Hamilton held strongly to his belief that even the most uncompromising opponent of the bank â€Å"would, in one month†s experience as head of that department of the treasury, be compelled to acknowledge that it is an absolutely indispensable engine in the management of the finances, and would quickly become a convert to its perfect constitutionality.† This plan favored the central government. The bank made little banks, who couldn†t compete, go out of business. The rich ended up being able to buy a part in the bank and so got richer, and the poor and middle class didn†t get the benefits. The central government was becoming self sufficient, and less dependent on the states. What Hamilton did is make the nation stronger in the eyes of other nations. This is a great accomplishment. If the Federalists (they didn†t call themselves that until 1792) weren†t in power the nation would have been weaker and more decentralized. There were three views on the French Revolution and the French-British war in 1793. Jefferson†s followers favored France. They wanted to abide by the treaty America signed with France in 1788. They thought it was the right thing to do. Hamilton†s followers favored Great Britain. They wanted to develop better relations with great Britain for economic reasons. They sought to break all the relations with the new French government and to ally America with England. The third view was the one taken by George Washington. He realized that a war with England on the side of the French would be suicidal, but at the same time he didn†t want America to be known as the nation that breaks treaties. George Washington proclaimed that America will be neutral. He forbade any American citizen from helping any warring nation. Without the Federalists there to oppose a war with England America might have been wiped out. The Federalists were looking out for the best interest of the country at the expense of another nation. George Washington who didn†t belong to any party decided not to follow either view. During John Adams† tenure as president the Federalists passed several laws which made them unpopular in the eyes of the American public. These laws made the people upset enough not to reelect most of the Federalists that were in Congress. This was the last term in which the federalists were influential. It is important to state these laws and why they passed them. The Federalists had become more favorable toward France and the Republicans started despising France, especially after the insulting X Y Z affair. Adams was favoring France as he tried to keep the nation out of war with France. He secured peace once Napoleon came into power in 1799. The resentment of the population toward France jeopardized this treaty. The Federalist majority in Congress decided to pass the Alien and sedition acts in order to weaken the supporters of war with France (mainly the Republicans). Adams himself was against these laws. These measures were hated. Some of the extreme measures taken to combat them were the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. These measures tried to say that the laws were unconstitutional. When the time of the next election came the people of the nation had a choice of either maintaining the ways of the Federalists or vote for Jefferson and the republicans. The people, who were mostly farmers at the time, saw the threat to the common man†s rights and so they voted Jefferson and other Republicans into office. This was probably the only thing that the federalist ever really messed up. They made the country strong but then went too far and people took them out of the national picture. The federalist party would never see such strong days again. Its power dwindled down slowly until the party vanished from the national picture in 1816. Although no longer influential in Congress the federalist remained in control in several states. Some states had federalists in office as far down as 1820. This wasn†t though what kept the federalist ideals in America. John Marshall, chief justice of supreme court, began his tenure in 1801. Justice Marshall was a steadfast Federalist. He maintained the Federalist ways long after the party seized to exist. Decision after decision chief Marshall declared the central government supreme to the state. He stretched the constitution far in seeing that the states yield rights to the federal government. He maintained this for 34 years, shaping the loose collection of states into a solid National Union. Another way that the Federalist ideals were maintained comes from their opponents. Upon gaining control of the Congress and Presidency the Democratic-Republicans maintained most of the programs set up by the Federalists. The alien and sedition laws were repealed and everyone arrested under them was let go, but other than that the central government maintained the control gained under the federalists, relinquishing little. The Republicans even strengthened the federal government on occasion. By buying Louisiana Jefferson extended the abilities of the central government. The years under George Washington and John Adams constitute a record of accomplishments not met since. The Federalists followed Hamilton†s counsel to ‘think continentally.† A federal judiciary was established, the taxing power was used, the national debt was handled, American credit was fixed, and territory was cleared of the British and Spanish populations. In foreign affairs America gained respect. Neutrality was maintained, at the price of the French alliance and concessions with Britain. The objective of the foreign policy was survival. The objective was met. The Federalist did a great job starting up the country. After all, many of the leaders including John Adams and George Washington thought that the Union would not last past their lifetimes. The â€Å"experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people†, as said President Washington, turned out very well. Just look at the power America has today.

Importance of Physician/Patient Communication Essay

Thesis Statement The communication relationship between physician and patient has an impact on diagnoses and treatment options. 1. Four types of truth-telling affect the communication relationship of physician/patient. The quality of communication physicians and patients maintain in the treatment process is very important as it has a bearing on the outcome of the treatment process. The quality of medical care physicians give to patients determines the quality of services exchanged between the two. For communication to be effective, several factors have to be in place. Communication has to be clear, communication has to be timely, communication has to contain the right content, the communication must be disseminated through the proper media and targeting the right recipient. Truth-telling is very central to the physician/patient relationship. How a patient is going to react to the news broken by the physician is highly dependent on the kind of truth-telling approach the physician chooses. The four types of truths; direct, factual, personal and interpretative also known as hermeneutical truth apply in different situations. In truth-telling, the physician has to consider the full impact of the news and therefore decide on whether to apply principle of non-disclosure or full disclosure . Depending on the situation the truths could reveal or conceal information. This is determined by the kind of relationship existing between the patient and the physician. In the process of truth-telling the right environment has to be present. There is a need for trust between the patient and the physician as the level of trust the two parties have for each other directly impacts on communication and perception. There is need for empathy especially considering the fact that some of the news the patient is likely to receive could be bad news concerning issues ranging from death to serious medical conditions. This calls for the physician to gauge the situation and decide on what to reveal or what to conceal. Such a step is likely to save the patient from the agony of having to cope with bad news or the consequences of such breaking of news. There is a need for patience on the part of the physician as well as the part of the patient considering the fact that medical disclosure has an undeniable impact on the communication relationship between the patient and the physician. Physicians should be able to carefully analyze information before disseminating such to the patient. This calls for the physician to be able to set realistic goals for the patient and not to raise hopes even when the situation is clearly negative. This implies that it is the responsibility of the physician to choose what kind of truth to apply as some situations may call for direct truth while others may call for factual truth. In some instances, personal truth may be applicable while in other cases, only interpretive truth could be applicable. However, the bottom line is for the physician to be analytical enough to differentiate situations and decide on the best approach to use. Truth-telling is very important in the medical disclosure process since how poorly or well executed the disclosure is carried out, always has a legal implication. In some other cases, the process of disclosure could have business implications especially if the health care setting is in private practice. A physician is supposed to consider numerous factors especially in regard to the physician’s code of conduct. This calls for the physician to consider issues such as cultural factors . Depending on the culture of the patient, the physicians should device or even improvise communication strategies which will not go in contravention of the cultural beliefs and cultural norms of the patients. This points to the importance of physician’s knowledge in cultural issues in the community where the physician serves. The physician must understand how different cultures treat issues such as death. Such knowledge is important because breaking news in an offensive manner could cause unnecessary tensions between the physician and the patient. Truth-telling therefore should be determined by cultural considerations and depending on cultural orientations of the patient, it is the responsibility of the physician to choose the method of communication, the approach to use as well as how the different types of truths are applicable in the given cultural context . Truth-telling from the physician’s perspective, consist of full disclosure or limited disclosure . Several factors determine what type of disclosure the physician finally settles on. However, it is crucial for the physician to consider the patient’s right to know when it comes to the decision on whether to give full disclosure or limited disclosure . The right to know as it applies to the patient is a fundamental human right. However, to the physician it is a question of ethics and implications. This results into a kind of conflict within the physician’s mind as well as between the physician and the patient . The situation worsens if the legal implications of a full disclosure are higher than the potential benefits. This is when a physician is supposed to make a rational decision and go for the limited disclosure . It is evident that some issues that surround the physician’s ability to tell the truth are beyond the physician’s ability and as a result, the physician has to possess high communication skills. The physician is faced with the problem of honouring and fulfilling the needs and demands of the patient. Equally important are the personal traits of the physician given the fact that some decisions a physician makes are largely determined by the character of the physician . A physician who is indecisive is likely to fail to make the right decisions while a physician who is apt is likely to make decisions on the kind of disclosure to make to the patient . Apart from physician’s personal ability to deal with challenging situations, other factors come in play in regard to physician’s perspective about disclosures. The impact of the physician’s origin is demonstrated in the kind of decisions which the physician makes when it comes to disclosures. For instance, the origin of the physician especially in regard to expatriates has an effect on the kind of decisions considering the fact that different places have different norms and standards of doing things. However, physicians’ code of conduct demands that every physician consider the outcome of truth-telling in regard to psychological repercussions of the decisions the physician makes. The origin of the physician also determines the effectiveness of the physician’s communication as historical and cultural factors all have an effect on truth-telling. If a physician has gone through a traumatizing past or had encountered difficult and challenging situations in the past, this can have an impact on the kind of decision the physician makes . However, professionalism dictates that the physician must always act in the best interest of the patient in as long as the decisions do not hurt any party. There still remains a dilemma amongst many physicians when faced with the question of whether to obey the wishes of the patient or to go by their instincts as informed by professionalism. The physician’s conduct, when around the patient, can aid or hinder patient’s compliance and satisfaction . It is imperative for the physician to understand the psychological process or disposition the patient undergoes while sick. By the physician behaving in an offensive or unprofessional manner, this can lead to the patient becoming non-compliant and to become dissatisfied. This sets the precedence for communication breakdown and at this level the question ceases being what kind of truth-telling to tell but how to save the situation and improve the relationship between the patient and the physician. If a physician behaves in an offensive manner next to the patient’s bed, this again hinders the trust the patient has on the physician and the whole institution of health care . This implies that the conduct of a physician has far reaching implications for the professionals not only in the sense of communication but also in the aspect of business relationships . A physician who conducts business in a knowledgeable manner by respecting the cultural background of the patient as well as upholding religious beliefs and background of the patient is likely to enjoy compliance from the patient . Such a physician easily overcomes obstacles and communication becomes easy. The physician who sets such a conducive environment is more likely to experience less challenges in the process of truth-telling and the physician may not experience difficulties in choosing amongst the four types of truths the best and the most suitable for the given situation . Truth-telling from the patient’s perspective can be fully truthful or limited for many reasons. This is because there are effects associated with self-disclosure as there are implications for malpractice. The psychological effects of self-disclosure include the following. A feeling of unworthiness, desperation, vulnerability, as well as the high chances of suffering from psychological conditions such as stress or depression. There are physiological effects associated with self-disclosure. Such may include the craving of a patient to commit harmful actions, self-negligence resulting into body harm as well as harming of those around the patient. Patient dissatisfaction leads to claims of malpractice which ultimately have the potential of affecting the professional. Claims of malpractice affect the credibility of a physician, the credibility of the institution and could also have financial implications . The patient has a right to receive the best care possible and therefore the issues the patient brings out must be addressed fully and without prejudice. The effect bad news delivery has on the communication relationship of the physician/patient vary from individual to individual . For the physician, verbal/non-verbal communication aspect of delivering bad news holds the key to what kind of communication relationship the two are likely to enjoy. As such, the physician must be equipped through training and utilization of the relevant technology to execute and deliver communication in the best way possible. Bad news have different impacts on different patients. This calls for the physician to be analytical about situations and never to take situations for granted by generalization but rather to treat each case as special. Bad news delivery has negative consequences not only for the physician but more so for the patient who suffers psychologically as a result of bad news delivery. Poor delivery of bad news has on many occasions resulted to patients being shocked and in some cases, dying as a result of the effects of bad news delivery . This calls for the health care providers to be genuinely concerned on the impact of delivering bad news and therefore to take time to judge situations on merit before settling on the kind of disclosure suitable for the given situation. There is a need for the physician to assess the ability of the patient to cope with bad news as this is the only to ensure that the impact of bad news delivery are kept at minimal. Social construction in health communication has an impact on the patient’s perspective on communication. Therefore, there is a need for physicians to analyze and understand the patient’s locus of control when it comes to delivering of bad news. Some patients are more stronger than others and can therefore cope with pain associated with bad news. On the other hand, there are some patients who are weak in terms of the ability to cope with bad news. Therefore, social construction in health communication should be considered in the delivery of bad news. The internal/external locus of control requires both the patient and the physician to be weary of implications of communication not only to patients and physicians but also to the society at large. This is especially so considering the fact that some societies view issues related to health matters as communal or familial and it is therefore not the choice to be left to the patients and physicians only . The impact of different communication styles vary between males and females. This requires the physician to be considerate when breaking or delivering news. Communication dynamics therefore must be taken into consideration before deciding on the best type of communication to apply. The context is important because different news may mean different outcomes for males and females alike. It is worth noting that the context should be considered in the determination of the best channel to use in communicating news. Traditionally, story telling and narratives have been favoured by many physicians as effective means of communication regardless of the patient’s gender. However, with the advent of technology, there is a need for physicians to be equipped in other means of communication such as Internet. It is worth noting that usage of analogies, metaphors and similes can aid process of communication. However, such aids could be a form of distraction if not applied carefully. The above-mentioned types of aids must be applied only in proportionate measures with due regard or consideration to the confusion they may bring about . Physicians must be able to choose what type of aid suits what kind of situation and ultimately settle on application of aids which cause the least amount of distraction . The best choice of communication aids must be dictated by the different needs of communication for both the physician and the patient. In conclusion, it is worth noting that communication plays a very central role in health care provision and physicians must always bear in mind the implications of the choices they make in regard to communication. There is a need to improve communication relationships between physicians and patients as the effectiveness of such communication relationship is what determines how effective health care provision will be. References Appelbaum, P.S. , & Grisso, T. (1988). Assessing patients’ capacities to consent to treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 319(25): pp. 1621-1629. Bourgeois, M. S. (1991) Communication Treatment for Adults with Adults with Dementia, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 14: pp. 829-841. Davis, Dena S. Legal Trends in Bioethics (review), Journal of Clinical Ethics. 1996: 7(2): pp. 183-96 Dodek, D. Y and Dodek, A. (1997) From Hippocrates to facimile. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 156 (6): pp. 841-858. Finucane, P, Myser, C & Ticehurst, S. Is she fit to sign, doctor? – Practical ethical issues in assessing the competence of elderly patients. Medical Journal of Australia. 1993: 59: pp. 397-413. Herbert, P. C. , Hoffmaster, B. , Glass, K. C. , Singer, P. A. (1997). Bioethics for clinicians: 7. Truth telling. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156 (2): pp. 223-229. Hilfiker, D. (1984). Facing our mistakes. New England Journal of Medicine, 310(2): pp. 119-125. Kleinman, I. , Baylis, F. , Rodgers, S. , Singer, P. (1997). Bioethics for clinicians: 8. Confidentiality. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156 (4): pp. 511-514. Lederberg, M. (1997). The psychological repercussions of New York State’s do not resuscitate law: An American experience with mandated â€Å"truth-telling. † Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 809: pp. 219-246. Lidz, C. W. , Meisel, A. , Osterweis, M. , Holden, J. L. , Marx, J. H. & Munetz, M. R. (1983). Barriers to informed consent. Annals of Internal Medicine, 99: pp. 529 – 539. Paier, G. , Miller, P. (1991). The Development of Ethical Thought in Long-Term Care. J. Gerontol. Nursing. 17(10): pp. 19-32. Schneider, C. E. (1994). Bioethics In the language of the law. Hastings Center Report. 24(4): pp. 25. Siegler, M. (1982) Confidentiality in medicine: A decrepit concept. New England Journal of Medicine. 307:pp. 1523-1536. Sigman, G. S. , Kraut, J. , La Puma, J. (1993). Disclosure of a diagnosis to children and adolescents when parents object: A clinical ethics analysis. American Journal of Disabilities in Children, 147 (7): pp. 769-798. Steffen, G. E. & Franklin, C. (1985). Commentaries: Who speaks for the patient with locked-in syndrome? Hastings Center Report, Dec. , pp. 12 – 19. Surbone, A. (1997). Information, truth, and communication: For an interpretation of truth-telling practices throughout the world. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 809: pp. 6-26. Thomasma, D. C. (1994). Telling the truth to patients: A clinical ethics exploration. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 3: pp. 379-390. Ubel, PA, Zell, M. M. , Miller, D. J. , Fischer, G. S. , Peters-Stefani, D. , Arnold, R. M. (1995) Elevator talk: observational study of inappropriate comments in a public space. American Journal of Medicine. 99:pp. 189-199. Weir, R. F. , Peters, C. (1997). Affirming the decisions adolescents make about life and death. Hastings Center Report, 27 (6): pp. 31-44.

Pulp Fiction Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pulp Fiction - Movie Review Example The most obvious break from traditional film noir that Pulp Fiction makes is by being shot in color. The iconic image of this style of filmmaking is a perception arrived at through its very name. Film noir means dark film and one of its visual hallmarks is the symbolic use shadows and key lighting. Pulp Fiction introduces a new genre and closes the gap between itself and traditional. A film noir without a femme fatale is hardly a film noir at all. Mia Wallace fulfills the role of femme fatale from the start by almost literally acting as a siren who calls forth Vincent Vega into her lair. The classic femme fatale is a dangerous temptress within whose trap a not-terribly-bright man falls and Mia is certainly seductive enough toward Vince to get him trapped almost to the point of devastation once they return back home. It is exactly at this point that the standard conventions of film noir begin to fall apart. Film noir has a foundation of uncertainty and doubt that gives way to the darker impulses of the human mind. Upon returning back to Mia's house Vincent goes to the bathroom and engages in an interior debate over the intelligence of having sex with his boss' wife. In a standard film noir, any doubt naturally gives way to impulse rather than rationality. Vincent makes the decision to leave with a goodbye and it is only through the action of having doubts and that interior monologue that the subsequent events of the story take place and Mia goes into overdose. Film noir differs from conventional gangster, mobster, and detective movies through the introduction of shadows on the fringes of expected behavior; crooks can show goodness and law enforcement officers can become corrupt. The end is forecast equally well for both: destruction, probably in a violent way. Vincent's decision to give up the satisfactions of giving into the attraction with Mia can be read as a foreshadowing of what eventually becomes the thematic power of the film. Pulp Fiction's narrative is a distinctly non-linear manner shot out of chronological order. Jules seems balanced to become an important character only to disappear entirely for an hour and then make reappearance in exactly the same scene with which he was introduced. That scene includes something rarely found in the dark world of film noir: a reference to the Holy Bible. Jules likes to quote from the Bible before he assassinates and there is in this custom a link back to the wrath of God against sinners. The absence of Jules from the middle section of the film is a necessity that accounts for the non-linear construction. Vincent breaks with film noir tradition by rejecting the advances of a femme fatale, which is something that never happens in a classic noir film. Vincent's rejection is an indication of a more optimistic tone to be found in Pulp Fiction; a tone that contradicts the very root of film noir mechanics. Vincent's rejection of Mia is then compounded by the decision of Jules to reject his lifestyle. The middle part of the film of Pulp Fiction takes places after Jules has come to his decision to take his inexplicable escape from death in the opening of the film as a sign from God that it is time to walk away from his life as a hired assassin. If arranged chronologically the power of the scene in the diner would be taken away because it would become

Hazards of Aluminium welding fume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hazards of Aluminium welding fume - Essay Example Electric welding was introduced in 1940s. Aluminium welding has been in prominence since 1970. There are several types of welding like Arc welding and Manual metal arc is a common process where the workers are exposed to the fumes. Carbon arc, Cold welding, Electron beam welding, Flux core arc welding, Gas welding, Gas metal arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding, Shielded metal arc welding, Plasma arc welding, Laser beam welding are the other welding processes where workers are exposed to metal fumes. The welding workers have a high exposure of metal fumes and the exposure depends on place, confined space, workshop or open air. The metal fumes depend on not only the Aluminium but also the process involved which may produce gases like acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen , ozone, phosgene and tungsten. The metal fumes primarily enter the human system by inhalation route namely Respiration.. The deposition of these inhaled metallic particles is influenced by its physical and chemical properties and a variety of host factors. In the lungs, these particles produce a variety of reactions depending on the concentration, duration of the exposure of the particles, and degree of exposure. All Metallic particles greater than 10 are deposited on the Mucous membrane in the nose and pharynx. Particles between 3m and 10 m are deposited throughout the trachea of the lungs. Particles less than 3m are deposited in the alveoli and cause serious hazards. These particles have a fair chance of being carried into the blood stream and cause Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity. Health Hazards of Aluminium fumes : Hazards of Aluminium fumes have been well documented in various scientific journals. The health hazard assessment is done by sampling and analysis. Sampling has been well prescribed by the Draft British Standard (DD54) for breathing zone and background samples. Chemical analysis techniques for milligram amounts of fume obtained are outlined in DD54; part I.(Moreton,1982) Aluminium work related Asthma has been established by characteristic patterns of repeated peak flow measurements supported by changes in methacholine responsiveness in workers with work related asthma (Konyerud, 1994).A recent study by keith Harrison of the Queens land Fertility group, Australia has proved the testicular toxicity of such Chemicals in male workers. Studies have also proved that exposure of workers to these metal fumes aged between 20-64, admitted to 11 hospitals in England during the period between 1996-1999, caused health hazards and is a classic case of occupational hazard of metal fume exposure (Palmer, 2003). Further studies on 27 welders with long-term exposure to these metal fumes revealed a reversible increase in the risk of Pneumonia. In the sputum, cell counts, soluble levels of the metal, levels of Interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-, myeloperoxidase, metalloproteinase -9, Immunoglobulin (Ig)A, 2-macroglobulin and unsaturated metal binding capacity were analyzed and in the blood samples, evidence of neutrophil activation and IgG pneumococcal antibodies were analyzed. The studies concluded that the local inflammatory response was affected by chronic exposure (Palmer,2006). All welding workers thus, are exposed to acute or chronic respiratory disease. Welding fumes cause

Emigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emigration - Essay Example While most people believe that emigration is good for the emigrants, other people like me, believe it is important to look at the causes of emigration in order to curb this existing trend. According to Scholar (190), one of the main known causes of emigration is education. Education in most cases is known as the key to success in life. Mainly, education supports people in life by shaping their career paths, which they rely on for their livelihoods. Education is also important in that it prepares people for wise leadership and personal accomplishments in life. This happens through opening people minds to new ideas in life and enlightens them on their rights and freedoms as citizens of a particular country. It is only through education that people can make separate identity. Of late, education has been classified as a basic need in life. It enlightens people on how they should think, how to work properly, how to make right decisions. Laipson and Chomuik (1), believe that the quality of education is very important to people. With quality education, people are able to familiarize themselves with the latest technology, which makes their life easier. Moreover, quality education enhances production and use of creative ideas, innovative projects, and knowledge. Quality education is also used in research whereby emigrants move to new countries to seek quality research. For instance, many scholars in developing countries immigrate to developed countries such as US to conduct their research on projects that they aim to introduce in their own country in future. Moreover, people emigrate to different countries to seek affordable quality education. Countries where the cost of education is high are more likely to experience emigration than countries whereby the cost of education is cheap and affordable. Issues related to employment have been in the front line to contribute to emigration. It is well known that employment is a source of livelihood for most of the people in the world. Various countries will have more employment opportunities than others due to issue related to absolute advantage and comparative advantage in their economies. In addition, these countries will have different rates of return for investments that raises the rate of attraction for potential emigrants. Moreover, the recipient countries for emigrants will have high payment opportunities than those countries where emigrants come from (Dolan 1). According to Ian (1), payments and employment opportunities are the main causes of emigration from developing countries. This is because developed countries tend to pay highly as compared to developing countries. Moreover, the large size of their firms creates more employment opportunities as compared to the small size of firms in developing countries. Productive employment opportunities and decent work are the main routes out of poverty. Proper-functioning labor markets and an enabling environment for confined free enterprise are indispensa ble to intensify employment opportunities for the emigrants. Moreover, the developed counties emigrants go to have workers’ rights and benefits that distinguish and improve situations in the emigrants’ economy, where most poor emigrants and their families earn their source of revenue. Workers’ rights and benefits are important to poverty reduction. Increasing the employability of emigrants,

Coca Cola Code of Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coca Cola Code of Business Ethics - Essay Example This also reveals that the ethical system used by the company is based on duty, where all the stakeholders held by the code of ethics are expected to follow a specific duty. The company is guided by the Coca Cola code of business conduct, which is a set of, laid down rules for the administration of ethical and compliance matters (Coca Cola, 2011). An analysis of the Coca Cola COBC (the code) will reveal that it is applied in all levels of the company’s operations, and there is a framework for its administration. This analysis will focus on the administration of the code both within and outside the company by the employees, managers, and all other stakeholders covered by the code. This covers three main areas, integrity in operations around the world, integrity of service within the company, and integrity of service to other people (Coca Cola, 2011). The internal mechanisms for the code revolve around the expectations from the employees and managers, while the second section re volves around actions around the company. This includes actions that deal with financial matters information within the company, and the utilization of company assets. ... Coca Cola states that all employees in the company must always act with integrity, since it is one of the cornerstones of the companies operations (Coca Cola, 2011). The ethical standards set by Coca Cola indicates that all employees must act in accordance with the law and the code, and in case of any actions, the employees must always ask themselves if the action will break these two tenets. The employees are also advised to ask for guidance in case they doubt the ramifications of any of their actions. The managers of the company are also guided by the code, where the main factor is that they should promote a culture of ethics and compliance (Coca Cola, 2011). This means that the managers should always display appropriate conduct, and help their subordinates as much as they possibly can. The managers should ensure that the code is followed by all employees, which includes giving their help when needed. This is in addition to creating a conducive working environment for their employe es, and always preventing the violation of the code by any employees. The code also dictates that any actions that deem the provision of written approval should be handled by the local ethical officers present in all workplaces. The ethical conduct code promoted by the company is also focused on creating an ethical framework within the company itself, and from an analysis of the code, it is evident that this is settled. The COBC focuses on three parts in their code, dealing with company records, dealing with assets, and the use of available information (Coca Cola, 2011). The ethical code utilized by Coca Cola indicates that all stakeholders should always ensure that company records are accurate, which includes all financial information, quality reports, and all other records used by the

IDP( Managing Financial Resources and Decisions) Essay

IDP( Managing Financial Resources and Decisions) - Essay Example The perfect location and size of the business will be paramount to ensuring that we satisfy our customers, both in London and its surroundings. The flower delivery is done by Fragrant Scent who will make sure that the flowers get to the customers while still fresh and in great quality. The business is also targeting to engage in flower delivery nationwide. The company focuses on creating flower variety of special flower arrangements by investing in broad assortment of gift backset and plants for all occasions. It is our commitment to offer professionally arranged fresh flowers packed in a reusable vase. For effective customer care services, the flowers are hand delivered to ensure utmost care. Our floral shop plans to sell the flowers as a retailer to individuals and corporate clients. The vases and the flowers are sourced on wholesale from a huge online wholesale company. The flower arrangements and the vases preferences are customized according to the requests of the customers. The company focuses on selling most of our flowers online in our website where customers can place their order requests for enhanced convenience. While making the online order requests, customers have an option of specifying if they want their flowers delivered so that they do no need to step out of the house. The flower arrangements will be uniquely done to suit events such as ceremonies, school dances, funerals, holiday parties or weddings. The reason for setting up this business has been driven by the desire to bridge the gap in the flower business as most of the flowers shops do not offer customized flower arrangements and vase designs since traditionally, vases have been standardized. With the advancement in technology where business can be conducted online, we are able to offer the floral services according to the wishes of the customers. Furthermore, London is a huge economy where

Human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human resource - Assignment Example Etihad Airlines is one of those airlines, which have been spending heavily and generously on the training and development of their employees, something that creates short term and long-term benefits for the company by improving the performance and productivity of its employees (Werner et al., 2011, p. 30). This paper is an attempt to explore and analyse the training and development activities taking place at Etihad Airways and the degree to which they have a correlation with the overall learning and performance. Discussion Similar to the training and orientation programs of many of the MNCs, Etihad Airways has a comprehensive rotational program for its new trainees who spent almost 18 months in nine different departments of Etihad, in an attempt to explore their real talent and capacity and also to learn as much as possible from the veterans of different departments (Saks & Haccoun, 2011, p. 74). With the vision of creating leaders for tomorrow, in the spring of 2012, Etihad Airways signed an agreement with the International Air Transport Association’s Training and Institute development to train its employees according to the international standards. More importantly, with the collaboration of Harvard University, many of the senior and middle level managers of Etihad Airways would be receiving training to brush up their leadership and management skills (International Air Transport Association, 2012). In an effort to make its training initiatives more comprehensive, in the fall of the year 2009, Etihad Airways signed a memorandum of understanding with the Institute of Applied Technology in Dubai. This MoU would mean that, in the coming years, IAT and Etihad would work together to satisfy the on the job training needs of its professionals and more importantly, it would be responsible to teach, groom and nurture young students and professionals according to the strategic needs of Etihad. This initiative does not only open employment opportunities for Emirat i students but as well as graduates from other parts of the world. These graduates would have received education of such calibre and level that they would possess valuable skills, which would allow them to exert strong bargaining power in the entire aviation industry. Nevertheless, the contracts that they would have signed with Etihad would allow the organisation to keep them employed during the start of their careers (Etihad Airways, 2009). There are strong theoretical and empirical reasons to believe that the efforts of Etihad’s management towards ensuring the training and development of their employees are actually converting into higher performance and employee satisfaction. Experts agree that human resource management is not only about hiring the best people and giving them the best possible benefits and perks but it also about giving them the tools, techniques, knowledge and information to do the job according to the expectations and demands of the organisation. This is where training and development of employees plays a crucial role (Mathis & Jackson, 2008, p. 35; Laird et al., 2003, p. 10). When the employees of Etihad go through the various training programs, they are not only learning how to do their jobs but more importantly, they are learning how to do their jobs in Etihad’s way. This training allows them to learn the organisational culture and truly become a part of Etihad

Are Police Officers Above the Laws They are Sworn to Uphold Essay

Are Police Officers Above the Laws They are Sworn to Uphold - Essay Example A better spotlight on police activities and education on human rights principles is much needed to re-align the interests of the American police force with those of the American public and at the same time, a system of public oversight needs to be established to make the police more accountable for their actions (Cohen 1975). Police corruption and violence take a huge toll on a society. The feelings of injustice and an increased marginalization of the less privileged are only amplified when a person is unlawfully targeted by the police. The increased police violence also brings with it the disappointment that nothing can be done to curb this tyranny undertaken by the police. This attitude is quite pervasive in the society, leading many people to view the law enforcement agencies as the enemy which seriously undermines their authority by giving people a reason to not cooperate with them if need be (Sherman 1978). It is true that many police officers remain conscientious and honest but still, there are others who use their authority to serve their own interests. Unfortunately, this attitude is a source of fear and harassment for their victim’ families and the related communities. ... This is a serious allegation as it means that sometimes more than one police officer is involved in the incidence. Police violence is usually a way of imparting justice which clearly is not a part of their job description. It is commonly accepted in the American legal system that a person is innocent until proven guilty. But the American police have acquired the reputation of being a law unto themselves. Many incidences are reported every year, where it is evident the a police man acted without any respect for people’s rights and imparted violence even though the situation could have been handled without the use of guns or batons (Sherman 1978). The profession of a policeman requires a lot of accountability, perhaps even more than a doctor’s. After all, only police officers have the authority to take away a person’s freedom and even life and no questions may be asked in certain situations. This power over people’s lives is also very visible which is why ev ery police officer must hold himself to the greatest standard of honesty, integrity, equality and professionalism. Unfortunately, this does not always happen and instead many police officers are blinded into thinking that their authority over people’s lives is immortal and invincible (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime 2011). Law enforcement agencies must create procedures that subjugate police officers to public scrutiny in case of any violent or corrupt behavior. They must take responsibility for policemen demonstrating proper public behavior. (COPS 2009) Police force needs to build a sustainable relationship with the public by demonstrating honor and integrity. Police officers who are found guilty of race discrimination or use of excessive force must

Nano Technology in Oil Industry Essay Example for Free

Nano Technology in Oil Industry Essay Introduction Nanotech applications Nanoparticles have been successfully used in drilling mud for the Last 40-50 years. Recently the other disciplines of the oil industry, such as exploration, primary and assisted production, monitoring, refining and distribution, are approaching nanotechnologies due to its immense Potential for Confronting challenges, performance improvement cost. Especially in ultra-deep water and artic environments, Severe reservoir conditions (high-temperature and high-pressure formations), nonconventional resources of energy,Heavy oils, tight gas, tar sandsreservoirs) Present nanotech applications in oil industry: Most of the major oil and service companies, such as BP, ConocoPhillips, Shell, Total and Schlumberger. done research in exploiting nanotechnologies to improve oil and gas production. Developing subsurface micro- and nanosensors that could be injected in oil and gas wellbores identification of nanotech potentialities applied to EOR issues. Recent published results speak about Single-Walled-Carbon-Nano Tube (SWNT) / Silica nanohybrids, active at the fluid interface, if delivered at the O/W interface, would react and modify the oil properties to increase oil mobilization, hence oil recovery. Researchers ars analysing the potential benefits derived by the application of nanomaterials, nanofluids and nanomembranes in oil industry. Sensors: Nanomaterials are unparallelled tools for the development of sensors and imaging-contrast agents due to the significant alterations in their optical, magnetic and electrical properties, along with their ability to form (electrically and/or geometrically) percolated structures at low volume fractions. Such nanomaterials, when combined with smart fluids, can be used as extremely sensitive down hole sensors for temperature, pressure and stress even under extreme conditions. The ultimate evolution of instruments for oil prospects is perceived to be nanorobots, which should really provide an effective mapping of the reservoir. Nanorobots still remain a dream,shared by the medical and oil sectors. But advances in nanosensors miniaturization are becoming a reality. Coatings: A corrosion-resistant material solution represented by nanometric thin films  and composites with nanostructured fillers are in the advanced stage. corrosion-resistant materials are the â€Å"just ready to happen † nanotechnology-based applications,due to its relatively low risk, high effectiveness and low complexity. Nanocoated, wear-resistant probes, made of tungsten carbide or boron nitride, enhance the life span and efficiency of the drilling systems. The same applies to the nano-layered corrosion inhibitors in pipes or tanks, which creates a permanent molecular coating on the surface of metals, eliminating corrosion. Nanofluids and nanomaterials for drilling and completion : Nanotechnology has opened the development of smart fluids† for drilling, production and stimulation applications. Nanofluids and nano-based additives exhibit major advancement by enhanced drilling by adding benefits like wettability alteration, improved drag reduction and sand consolidation. A specialized petroleum laboratory has developed an advanced fluid mixed with nanosized particles and superfine powder that significantly improves the drilling speed and can eliminate formation damage in near wellbore zone. With the synthesis of a new breed of elastomeric composites filled with carbon nanotubes or other strongly anisotropic nano-objects, a stronger, tougher and more rugged drilling tools and apparatus will be manufactured in future. These tools will ensure a significant weight reduction and facilitate self-sensing elements to be interrogated for the real-time monitoring of the most critical parts. Another important technique in the development of super-hard materials is the use of nanostructured dispersed-hardened materials .First generation of nanotech applications for improving hydraulic fracturing are represented by BakerHughes’s nanostructured metal composites, combined by magnesium, aluminium and other alloys, which offer both strength at lower weight and the ability to â€Å"dissolve† away under certain conditions. Another example is the proppant produced by Oxane Materials, constituted by nano-structured ceramic material which is as strong as but lighter as ceramic proppant. A possible solution for mitigating fines, by nanocrystals for treating hydraulic fracture proppant packs to fix formation fines. Nanotechnology application for reservoir monitoring for enhanced oil recovery Nanomembranes: A new generation of lightweight and strong nanomembranes is being developed and employed, Which will remarkably enhance  the exploitation of tight gas by providing efficient methods for removing impurities, separating gas streams and enabling GTL production. Nanoporous and nanoparticulate materials are also quite encouraging to manage the Health, Safety, Environmental, risks arise due to presence of CO2 and H2S in hydrocarbon mixtures. Nanotechnology application for reservoir monitoring The petroleum sector and the medical visualize the dream of a nanosensor able to provide in-situ information about the systems under analysis. The most complicated and Complex challenge faced by oil industry is that it requires strong technical improvements in injected nano sensors into the reservoir, to face placement and recovery, protection in harsh environments , 3-D location, sensors powering and data storage retrieving. For example, the quantity of oil present in a reservoir could be assessed based on the amount of material lost or retained during the travel time, or the extreme conditions (temperature, pressure, salinity gradient) at which the nanoparticles were exposed and for how long, could be determined. The idea can be to pump nano-sensors in the reservoir periodically so as to regularly monitor changes in the well/field conditions.In turn, this could result in enhanced production efficiency. Several possible applications and exploitation schemes are currently under study with nano-devices injected into a reservoir. A novel paramagnetic nanoparticles into proppant structures together with these smart proppant could help in mapping the fracture efficiency using detectable contrast agents. Further nanoparticles could preferably segregate into different fluid portions, hence providing enhanced characterization of the reservoir and, fianlly , improved oil recovery,due to their miniscule dimensions, increased surface area and high mobility. Nanotechnology application for enhanced oil recovery: The greatest challenge at present is the possibility of increasing the efficiency of hydrocarbon production, both by improving the current EOR methodologies and by developing alternative technologies. The current researches indicate the new generation nano-agents should modify the properties of the injected fluid, in terms of viscosity, density, thermal conductivity and specific heat and modify the fluid-rock interaction properties, .The use of two different types of polysilicon nanoparticles (one nanometer-scale) in oil fields  improves wettability, to enhance water injection and improve oil recovery. The application of paramagnetic nanoparticles for EOR , possess a unique combination of fluidity and capability to interact with a magnetic field. The addition of a surfactant would greatly reduce the interfacial tension in waterwet reservoirs due to the presence of a dipole moment.The reservoir fluid molecules align, thus reducing the resistance to flow. ConocoPhillips, aims at creating a new class of polymer-type nanoparticles that can be incorporated with EOR injection fluids to improve hydrocarbon recovery by penetrating small pore throats without being trapped and hence the a mount of expensive injection can be decreased. The University of Alaska Fairbanks investigated The possibility of improving gas injection for the Alaska North Slope heavy oil recovery. Metal nanoparticles. reduce the viscosity of the heavy oil. Using super critical CO2 and Viscosity ReducingInjectant (VRI) saturated by nanoparticles, exploit the thermal properties of nanoparticles for improved heat transfer to heavy oil; explore the effects of Poly Di Methyl Siloxane and metal nanoparticles on density and viscosity for reducing mobility and viscous fingering Phenomena . When dealing with extremely low permeability reservoirs, conventional approaches to water flooding cannot provide recovery factors greater than 0.2. This is mainly due to capillary forces which are very strong in narrow pore channels. With low-permeability reservoir rocks, the level of purity and filtration of injected water is one of the most important issues for a significant oil recovery. With rocks characterized by a permeability of 0.1 ÃŽ ¼m2 the recovery factor deviates from an average of 0.4 by less than 10% if particulates in injected water are smaller than 200 nm. Nevertheless, with a rock permeability of 0.05 ÃŽ ¼m2 the recovery factor is dramatically approaching zero with the same particle ssize. A traditional water flooding technique is obviously unproductive in this latter case, unless water is filtered and purified of particulates down to at least 100 nm. Innovative water nano-filters are to be specially designed both to ensure uniform pore throats and the ability to recovery tens of billions of tons of oil. Some feel that oil is essentially a nanoliquid, with asphaltenes being the dominant part, flowing in a micro and often nanoscopic environment (i.e., the porous media). According to that,it seems justifiable to consider most of the oil and gas production technologies, reservoir treatments and  stimulation as nanotechnologies. Under this point of view, current petroleum science is relying on the study and control of physical chemical phenomena occurring at the nanometer scale and the ability to correctly model the reservoir flow plays an important role. However, a suitable tool to reliably describe coupled phenomena is still missing. The present approach being discussed is, for creating nanorobots to monitor individual pores and channels and hydrocarbon flow, exchange information and identify zones which intensify the extraction or the injection of water. CONCLUSION: Nanotechnology Application to the oil industry has an immense potential benefits. Some applications are already available,while others could come from Complementing the solutions developed for the biomedical, automotive, aerospace, chemical and, textile Industries. Well drilling, fracturing and cementing as well as new generation membranes for gas separation already rely on nanotech solutions. At present efforts are being made to design nano-sensors for reservoir characterization and monitoring and to produce nano-fluids for improving EOR processes. Promising results have been obtained from laboratory experiment, but field tests are still in progress..The future of nanotechnology applications is remarkable.

The Inerconnection Between Reading and Writing Essay Example for Free

The Inerconnection Between Reading and Writing Essay Did reading or writing come first? This question is not as important as the well proven fact that without one the other cannot survive. Reading and writing are important to each other and mutually beneficial. There is an intimate relationship between reading and writing well (Pearson learning solutions). If there is a deficiency in reading there will also be a deficiency in writing. There is an obvious connection between what we read and what we write. I will be going over what makes the relationship between them so crucial to first time students and later in school and life. Reading and writing were and still are sometimes taught separately. Research and tests have shown that these two subjects are more interconnected than was thought at first. For example research has shown that reading instruction is much more effective when intertwined with writing instruction (www. k12reader. com 2012). While we are in school most of what we know comes from what we read. Since writing is the act of transmitting knowledge to print we must have knowledge to share before we can write it (www.k12reader. com 2012). Most of what children read is then put to use when writing their own stories. Younger children who are attempting to develop awareness that words are developed from sounds of letters need practice writing to improve their reading skills. Most writing students only see writing about what they read as pointless homework. The truth is reading and writing are symbiotic that is they mutually reinforce and enhance each other (Loney, M Nov, dec. 1996 Kotz and Roskelley 1991. 189). Teachers have been taught exercises such as autobiographical writing, reading response journals and class discussion. Autobiographical writing is done before the reading. It helps the student identify with the characters in the story. This is done by assigning them a task to write about a time or event that happened in their life that corresponds with the main idea of the story. Reading response journals are done while reading the assigned novel or story. The students are asked to write a response about certain chapters. They answer questions asked by the teacher about the story. The teacher then positively responds to the answers written by the students. Class discussion also helps the student empathize with the characters in the book and understand the plot better. In other countries students are required to take English classes to develop their English. They are also required to take an English writing course with it to round out their reading and writing skills. These classes in turn improve their English speaking. The classes are usually taught separately, but research has shown that they should go hand in hand to improve comprehension and reading skills. Decades of research into the relationship between reading and writing have proved that the best way to improve any students reading comprehension is to get them to write meaningfully and purposefully about a text. Since many studies show that the only way to improve reading is to study writing and vice versa proves the interconnection between the two. Teachers and students have realized this and have taken steps to alter teaching and study practices.

Factors for Human Resource (HR) Planning in Healthcare

Factors for Human Resource (HR) Planning in Healthcare AMANDO TAGUINOD III student number: 12001406 TASK 1 INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH REPORT As a recent graduate, appointed to an HR advisory role within a large New Zealand healthcare organization, you have been requested by your manager to develop a discussion document for management which: Considers the following types of business factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organization. BUSINESS GROWTH I am an owner of a small grocery store, fried chicken stand, and a printing press in our town Penablanca, Philippines. When I was still in Elementary, we have a chicken poultry wherein I love being given the responsibility to feed the chicken and eventually to dress, cut them according to its different parts and offer it to our neighbors and friends with its cheap price. Business is a part of my student life. As I grow, selling goods and offering the business to my classmates and friends is my hobby. When I finished my school, as I practice my profession as a registered nurse I continued my hobby of selling goods such as Longanisa (ground pork), Chicharon (dried crispy pork) and milk candies. Eventually I started to put up and managed a small grocery store, fried chicken stand and a printing press. These are some of my tips on how to maintain and grow a business. Firstly, improve customer service. One of the most important thing to do is to attract the people by saying good things about the products and the dealers should always have a good marketing skills. In my business, I have a total of 6 staffs, I trained my staffs on how to treat customers. And we have schedule dates and time of meetings to discuss issues for improvements. Second, my grocery business is composed of different items. Foods and nonfoods. There are things to discover on a business like the demands of the customers wherein they should have variety of choices. The needs and wants of the community should always be the top priority and considering at least 2 unique items each week helps to increase the number of customers for they are excited to see what’s next item will be out. Third, included in my marketing plan in my business is the posters and leaflets written are the different items sold in my store. Since, I consider cheaper ones I focused on producing basic material that is stylish but functional. Once In a year I update my posters. Fourth, I expanded my business by joining up with another business such as my fried chicken stand to promote a special offer aside from having a grocery store. It is a great way to get business into new markets with new opportunities. There are big numbers of customers in my Fried chicken stand. Since the location is just beside my Grocery store, most of my customers in my Chicken stand are also buying grocery items in my grocery store Fifth, if you want to build future sales through repeat customers, you need to make it clear that you stand behind your offerings. A good start is to offer a money-back guarantee for any product sold. Pay attention to your customers, Take any feedback from customers seriously and make an effort to thank them for sharing their thoughts – even if they are raising concerns or making a complaint. If you have a regular customer who isn’t happy with a new marketing strategy or product line, listen to what they have to say. There’s a chance that other customers might share their concerns. These are the attributes I learned and apply it in my future business in healthcare organization. Decline and Change At Ambridge Rest Home and private Hospital, before the construction and renovation making it to big facility, the rest home started as a trial Rest home. A 10 bed capacity and a very generic rest home. This idea was for the staffs and other people to visit the facitliy and open some comments and suggestions for improvement. Eventually when staffs and designers made up a compiled suggestions coming from them and other concerned measurements, fittings, furniture, equipment and color schemes were made before renovating it to a beautiful and big building. This was to ensure that the very best design and look would be the end result and it is also to invite costumers and competing with the other facilities. Change is inevitable in the life of an organization. In today’s business world, most of the organizations are facing a dynamic and changing business environment. They should either change or die. Organizations that learn and cope with change will thrive and flourish and others w ho fail to do so will be wiped out. In an organization Change is not only in the physical aspect of the building but also on their technologies, political, economic, social, legal, international, and labour market environments. In very simple words, we can say that change means updating, modification or alteration of the present situation for the improvement of the healthcare facility and making things different. Competition In Healthcare Business, competent applicants are looking for a big health care organization to work and for them to have a good experience and good pay. There is no more need for that organization to post or to distribute posters to market their company to people. The applicants itself will definitely search for that big company and apply it through the internet. Unlike small business they need some efforts such as marketing strategies (tools/materials and papers for marketing purposes). In such a scenario, a human resource department will need to focus on developing recruitment materials and attending job fairs to promote the company and attract applicants. Human resource are responsible to maintain or retain employees by providing them professional growth. Impact of labour market competition and technology To work in a care business is to make a positive difference to someone’s life. You will need to have good communication and listening skills, and feel passionate about supporting other people to live a more independent and fulfilling life. The skill of an employee is the number one edge in a business organization. In a healthcare setting, staffs should be fitted in the different approach of care. They should be well trained and independently perform skills with competence. In a Heath care scenario like rest home in order for the families of the residents to build trust to the company they see to it that their admitted family members are well cared considering their diseases and mental illnesses (Alzheimer’s, dementia and etc.). Furthermore, flexibility is very important factor that will lead to productivity and success of the company. Technology, simply means saving effort and money. A job that supposedly accomplished by 2 to 3 people can be done by a single person. Technology makes easy steps in making business. Some care would not be possible without technology. In the Philippines, some Hospitals especially primary care hospitals are dependent in the old practice of care. They usually, catering primary care which doesn’t include the needs of technology, or if not they refer their patients to tertiary hospitals providing adequate knowledge and advanced technologies to treat them. Impact of Employee Development According to my research readings authorized by Ruth Mayhew a senior professional human resource manager at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He cited different employee-development plans. According to him each plans depends on employee’s current position, aptitude, performance and professional goals. These three development plans contributes to the provision of quality employees in a Healthcare organization. One of these is, Performance-Based Employee Development Plan, this plan focuses on the performance of employees yearly, review their previews performance, capabilities, accomplishments and goals for the next year. One of the examples is based from my experience, I was given the chance to be trained as ANTI-RABIES and VENUM VACCINATION provider in one of the prestigious Health Care Organizations in our country sponsored by my employer. It brought an impact in my profession and as an employee as well. It developed more my skills and confidence that builds a trust to m y company and work well with them. Considers the following types of human resource requirements and factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organization Internal and external factors in matching personnel organizational requirements Internal Forces Internal factors may create big impact to the change in the organization. Such internal factors are changes in the managerial personnel. In the Philippines the retirement age for employees is 60 years old. Old head nurses are replaced by new ones. But that is the oly one factor it can affected by promotion, transfer or dismissal. Each new leader brings his own ideas and way of working in the organization. The relationships, more particularly informal ones, changes because of changes in managerial personnel. Moreover, attitude of the personnel change even though there is no changes in them. The result in that an organization has to change accordingly. Nature of the work force. The new generation of workers are well educational and updated and loyal to their career. Their behavior is more complex compared with the once which leads them towards organizational goals External Forces Each organization has goals and responsibilities related to each other in the environment. The organization changes according to the outside environment. It can be social, political, economic, technology, and legal environment force. Such changes may result in major functions production and nature of competitions. In order to survive in the changing environment, organization must change. Technology. The result makes our work easier and makes the company more competitive with others. To established equilibrium with other companies technology should also be updated. Marketing conditions. An organization markets their facilities and skills to outside environment to compete with other facilities. Such forces that affects the competitive position of the facility is marketing the facility to the people but the people will still choose other facility. Improvements and innovations is important. There may be changes in costumers in terms of their needs, liking –disliking and income/budget of the facility. These changes from the organizations focused on which meet costumer’s requirement. Social changes: Social changes reflect in terms of people’s aspirations, the needs, and their ways of working. These social changes affect the behavior of people in the organization. There, it is required to make adjustment in its working so that it matches with people. Political and legal changes: Any changes in these political and legal factors may affect the organization operation. Since these legal and political changes should be followed, any changes of these factors would bring an impact in the organization. Government policies and labour market competition Based from my experienced abroad specifically in Libya, their government provides policies and standards for nurses who can work as operating theater nurse in one of their hospitals. Nurses should be well experienced in the field of their specialty and abide the laws and policies governing their profession. Filipino nurses in Libya are competing to fill the gaps of special areas (Operating Theater and ICU) in all government hospitals. In the Philippines, all nurses are required to take a Government Licensure examination to practice their profession. We must abide by our government policy to get a job and experience. There are also government offered trainings that is a must to be called competent and have an edge with others.

Deir El Mdina Essay -- essays research papers

Deir El Medina Describe the village of Deir El Medina. The village of Deir El Medina grew from the time of the 18th Dynasty to the 20th. By its final stage approximately 70 houses stood within the village walls and 50 outside. Perhaps 600 people lived here by then. A wall surrounded the village approximately six meters high built of mud-brick. Gates were located at each end. The villages of Deir El Medina made up a special government department under the vizier of Upper Egypt, and were a select largely hereditary group of scribes, quarrymen, stonemasons, artisans, and labourers, who created the final resting place for their divine rulers. Describe in detail a typical workers house at Deir El Medina. Most of the houses in Deir El Medina were built in a standard elongated design, 15 by 5 meters. They had rubble bases and mud brick superstructures, and shared walls like today’s terrace housing. Each of these houses would have the following features. Down several steps from the street was an entrance room, with niches for offerings, stalae and busts. Often there were painted images, sometimes of the god Bes. A low bed-like structure has suggested to some archaeologists that the entrance room was also used as a birthing room. A doorway led into the main room of the house, with raised dais by one wall, plastered and whitewashed. Against another wall may have been a small altar and offering table and niches for household gods. A small cellar was often located under this room, approached by a small flight of steps and covered by a wooden trapdoor. Several small rooms may have led off the main room, possibly for sleeping, work or storage. At the rear was a small walled court, which served as the kitchen. It contained an oven for baking bread, a small grain storage silo, a container for water and grinding equipment. Another family shrine and another small cellar may also have been here. A staircase led to the roof where the family might sleep or store goods. Windows were normally set high in the walls with a grill. Though the outside of the houses was whitewashed, traces of paintings have been found in the interior walls. Refer to diagram 1.1 What type of furniture existed in such a household? The furniture was generally well made and often beautifully crafted. Nobles’ furniture was often inlaid with semi-precious stones and ivory and the villages often copied ... ... and grape juice were commonly consumed by workers- wines were more expensive. Spices and herbs were used such as cinnamon, cumin and thyme. ENTERTAINMENT- There is abundant information about leisure pursuits of Egyptian nobility. They hunted wild game such as the ibex, ostriches, gazelles, hares and wildfowl, and fished in the Nile. It is not certain if the villagers shared these pursuits. Villagers enjoyed music from instruments such as the harp, lyre, lute, flute and drum. Board games such as senet were also popular. What was Egyptian Family life like? Houses held five to six people yet burials often included at least three generations. Marriages were generally arranged. There was no ceremony but complex legal arrangements were made. Divorce was simple; reasons given range from adultery to infertility or simple apathy. Women had considerable legal, economic and social status. Some even appeared to be literate. Children played like they do in every culture yet are often shown performing light work. Boys were educated in a nearby temple where they were taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Squabbles between families, and even within families appear to have been quite common. Deir El Mdina Essay -- essays research papers Deir El Medina Describe the village of Deir El Medina. The village of Deir El Medina grew from the time of the 18th Dynasty to the 20th. By its final stage approximately 70 houses stood within the village walls and 50 outside. Perhaps 600 people lived here by then. A wall surrounded the village approximately six meters high built of mud-brick. Gates were located at each end. The villages of Deir El Medina made up a special government department under the vizier of Upper Egypt, and were a select largely hereditary group of scribes, quarrymen, stonemasons, artisans, and labourers, who created the final resting place for their divine rulers. Describe in detail a typical workers house at Deir El Medina. Most of the houses in Deir El Medina were built in a standard elongated design, 15 by 5 meters. They had rubble bases and mud brick superstructures, and shared walls like today’s terrace housing. Each of these houses would have the following features. Down several steps from the street was an entrance room, with niches for offerings, stalae and busts. Often there were painted images, sometimes of the god Bes. A low bed-like structure has suggested to some archaeologists that the entrance room was also used as a birthing room. A doorway led into the main room of the house, with raised dais by one wall, plastered and whitewashed. Against another wall may have been a small altar and offering table and niches for household gods. A small cellar was often located under this room, approached by a small flight of steps and covered by a wooden trapdoor. Several small rooms may have led off the main room, possibly for sleeping, work or storage. At the rear was a small walled court, which served as the kitchen. It contained an oven for baking bread, a small grain storage silo, a container for water and grinding equipment. Another family shrine and another small cellar may also have been here. A staircase led to the roof where the family might sleep or store goods. Windows were normally set high in the walls with a grill. Though the outside of the houses was whitewashed, traces of paintings have been found in the interior walls. Refer to diagram 1.1 What type of furniture existed in such a household? The furniture was generally well made and often beautifully crafted. Nobles’ furniture was often inlaid with semi-precious stones and ivory and the villages often copied ... ... and grape juice were commonly consumed by workers- wines were more expensive. Spices and herbs were used such as cinnamon, cumin and thyme. ENTERTAINMENT- There is abundant information about leisure pursuits of Egyptian nobility. They hunted wild game such as the ibex, ostriches, gazelles, hares and wildfowl, and fished in the Nile. It is not certain if the villagers shared these pursuits. Villagers enjoyed music from instruments such as the harp, lyre, lute, flute and drum. Board games such as senet were also popular. What was Egyptian Family life like? Houses held five to six people yet burials often included at least three generations. Marriages were generally arranged. There was no ceremony but complex legal arrangements were made. Divorce was simple; reasons given range from adultery to infertility or simple apathy. Women had considerable legal, economic and social status. Some even appeared to be literate. Children played like they do in every culture yet are often shown performing light work. Boys were educated in a nearby temple where they were taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Squabbles between families, and even within families appear to have been quite common.

Native American Cultural Assessment: The Cherokee Essay -- essays rese

The word Cherokee comes from a Creek word "Chelokee" meaning "people of a different speech." In their own language the Cherokee called themselves the Aniyunwiya or "principal people" or the Keetoowah, "people of Kituhwa." The Cherokee are perhaps one of the most interesting of Native American Groups. Their life and culture are closely intertwined with early American settlers and the history of our own nation’s struggle for freedom. In the interest of promoting tolerance and peace, and with regard to the United States government’s handling of Native affairs, their story is one that is painful, stoic, and must not be forgotten. The Cherokee people were a large and powerful tribe. The Cherokees' Macro-Siouan- Iroquoian language and their migration legends demonstrate that the tribe originated to the north of their traditional Southeastern homelands. Linguists believe that the Cherokee migrated from the Great Lakes area to the Southeast over three thousand years ago. The Cherokee language is a branch of the Iroquoian language family, related to Cayuga, Seneca, Onondega, Wyandot-Huron, Tuscarora, Oneida and Mohawk. Original locations of the Cherokee were the southern Appalachian Mountains, including western North and South Carolina, northern Georgia and Alabama, southwest Virginia, and the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee, Kentucky, and northern Alabama. The Cherokee sometimes refer to themselves as Ani-Kituhwagi, "the people of Kituhwa". Kituhwa was the name of an ancient city, located near present Bryson City, NC, which was the center of the Cherokee Nation. Long before Columbus discovered the "New World" or Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto arrived, the Cherokee territory stretched from the Ohio River to the north, and southward into Georgia and Alabama. Their homelands extended over 135,000 square miles. Cherokee villages had populations of about 350 to 600 persons. Before contact with Europeans, families built round, earth-covered homes for the winter. For the warmer summers they built larger, rectangular homes. The rectangular homes had upright poles forming a framework. The outer covering was bark, wood or woven siding coated with earth and clay. The Cherokee were primarily an agricultural people. They relied heavily on corn, beans, and squash, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of wil... ...r near the North Carolina reservation. Cherokee tribal governments have fairly liberal membership standards compared to other tribes. Some population estimates exceed 370,000, which would make the Cherokee the largest Native American group in the United States It is amazing that through European epidemics, attempts to assimilate eradicate and remove, that any Cherokee are left today. Despite all they have endured and lost, Cherokee levels of education and living standard ranks among the highest of all Native American tribes. I am proud to be an American citizen. I am also especially proud that my Mother’s Great-Grandmother, a descendant of Trail of Tears survivors, was Cherokee. BIBLIOGRAPHY Thomas E. Mails, The Cherokee People: The Story of the Cherokees from Earliest Origins to Contemporary Times Merwyn S. Garbarino, Native American Heritage The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians http://www.charweb.org/neighbors/na/cherokee.htm James Mooney, History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees Morris L. Wardell, A Political History of the Cherokee Nation 1838-1907 Collier, Peter. When Shall They Rest? The Cherokees' Long Struggle with America

Seamus Heaneys Portrayal of the Loss of Innocence :: Poems, Poetry

Heaney particually portrays the theme of 'loss of innocence' as a child through his peoms, 'Death of a Natrualist', 'Blackberry picking', 'Poem' and 'Personal Helicon'. Death of a Naturalsit of the first of Heaneys poems to really express this theme. 'All year round the flax-dam festered in the heart -------------------------------------------------- of the townland;green and heavey headed --------------------------------------- Flax rotted there.' In the first stanza Heaney uses rich imagery and purposeful child-like language such as 'festered' and 'warm thick slobber'. These create a sense of the childlike adventure to be found in the surrounding area and time that he had as a child. The language and images created by Heaney help to engage the readers senses. These, although not always pleaseant images portray the excitement to be found as a child. They are also positive and fresah. As the poem progresses into the following stanza there is a destinct change in the mood of the peom. 'The air was thick with a bass chorus' Agaijn Heaney uses rich imagery to explain his point. Phrases such as 'angry frogs' tell how his feeling towards them as a child has changed and now they seem 'angry' rather then the 'nimble swimming tadpoles' that thery were before. Heaney expresses this change in nature as the change of season as wel for him as the actual changin from childhood into adult life. Once innocent and stimulating images have changed into aggressive and threatening things. The title of this poem in itself holds the theme strongly. 'Death of a Naturalist' suggests his interest in nature dying and being replaced with more adult feelings. 'Death of a Naturalist' also liks closely to Heaney's poem 'Blackburry picking'. The poem follows the similar two stanza approach, with the first being full of childhood positives and the second folloing on to more nagative images n nature. This poem however focuses in more on nature itself and his perspecive. 'you ate that first one and its fleesh was sweet'

The short story, Winter Dreams, by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The short story, Winter Dreams, by F. Scott Fitzgerald holds lasting impact today, mainly for the author’s ability to weave love, desire, emotion, and the moral fiber of an individual into a story. The underlying theme is centered on how charisma can drives a person to lose sight of their true goal in life, thereby finding pleasure in selfish gain which results in eventual loss. I will develop an analysis of characterization and theme in this famed short story. The story is a narrative account of Dexter Green, a reliable, self-assured individual who falls into the web of infatuation of a beautiful woman, Judy Jones. Ms. Jones is also a self-assured individual. She, however, bases her confidence on her outer beauty, a beauty that intoxicates men, bringing them to her knees. Judy represents intense passion, and she brings it out in men, empowering her own life. She leads Dexter to rather abruptly quit is work as a caddy because he yearns to impress Judy, and working as a caddy doesn’t meet her expectations. At the time Judy is only eleven years old. From a very young age, we see that Dexter is the kind of person who goes after his dreams, makes a plan and follows through, but Judy alters this. The characteristics of Dexter’s personality are made clear by F. Scott Fitzgerald in quick fashion. Dexter’s personality comes to light as Fitzgerald displays how astute, intelligent and confident the boy can be. Like Dexter, most of Fitzgerald ‘s male characters choose to feel empowered at the expense of the real. Only a world of illusion, such as Judy Jones’, that can handle her emotional intensity. For one, the story unfolds by casting a scene between a nurse and a young girl on the golf course. These women are having a heated conversation. Although Dexter is at a distance from the scene, he clearly witnesses the incident as troublesome. In the end, one girl raises a club at the other woman, a nurse. She raises the club as if she was going to pound her. But she doesn’t follow through with her threat. Dexter finds humor in this. His ability to find the comedy behind such childish behavior adds to his own youthful wisdom. Here’s a snippet of this scene, as written by the author: Realizing that the elements of the comedy were implied in the scene, Dexter several times began to laugh, but each time restrained the laugh before it reached audibility. Not only is Dexter smart enough to recognize this altercation as a staged situation, which is merely the ego of two people butting heads, but he does so without allowing this incident to alter his own mood. What’s even more humorous is that Fitzgerald uses two females in this physical altercation on the golf course. Normally, the stereotype would be to place two men arguing while playing a sport. Not only does Fitzgerald squash the stereotyping, but he does so by having one woman threatening to nearly behead another woman with a raised club. This displays Fitzgerald creative knack for bringing humor into a potentially disastrous scene. Beyond this, Dexter is not concerned that this altercation might result in physical injury. He realizes their childish threats will go nowhere. This further strengthens his character. Not only is Dexter able to see that the fracas is not going to actually become violent, but, at fourteen years of age, his analysis of the scene adds to his character. Dexter’s characteristics come across as a young boy who can speak for himself. For instance, he is shown having a conversation with a very established man of the community. Dexter is not the least bit intimidated by this adult presence. Dexter, instead, is perceived by members of the golf course to be one of the best caddies. Dexter, then, makes a decision to quit his caddying job. He has higher aspirations and realizes that he’s gotten all can out of caddying. A golf member hears of this and pleas for the young Dexter to continue to caddy for him, stating that he can make if very worthwhile to Dexter. In response to this plea, Fitzgerald wrote: â€Å"You're not more than fourteen. Why the devil did you decide just this morning that you wanted to quit? You promised that next week you'd go over to the State tournament with me. † I decided I was too old. † Dexter stands up for what he believes. He is not swayed by an adult figure with a high-standing position in, both, the business world and on the golf course. The reader sees that elitism cannot sway the young Dexter from going after what he really wants in life. This is, in fact, very ironic; for Dexter wants to be one of the elite. Years later, Dexter falls into the lustful vision of the very beautiful Ms. Jones. Ms. Jones is more that willing to use her outer beauty to gain countless new lovers. She does begin a relationship with Dexter when he is in his twenties. Judy Jones is even boasted about by three other men that Dexter plays golf with one day. These are, again, some of the elite men in society. They almost salivate as they discuss Judy Jones. â€Å"Good-looking! † cried Mr. Hedrick contemptuously, â€Å"she always looks as if she wanted to be kissed! Turning those big cow-eyes on every calf in town! † Here, we can see Fitzgerald’s light-hearted, almost comical, means of showing how man’s desire can rule a person on certain levels. After this golf outing, Judy and Dexter begin a relationship. Dexter is ecstatic about her. He is—apparently for the first time—overwhelmed with a new appreciation over having Judy in his life. Judy, however, is a hollow person and Dexter doesn’t see this. This shallow characteristic in Judy represents people who are self-centered and seek to make gains by using their physical appearance instead of becoming more knowledgeable. Her hollow personality is at the center of her world. All Dexter sees is her physical characteristics which nearly melt him into submission. She has the same affect on many other men in her life. Near the end of the story, Judy breaks off their relationship. She is too easily swayed by other men’s advances and his financial status. Dexter is crushed by her departure, but he begins to renew his life and starts a relationship with a nice girl. This girl is less than glamorous but is filled with other worthwhile characteristics. Judy, then, runs back to Dexter but he does not take her bait. Dexter then discovers through Delvin, that Judy has since gotten married and is raising a family. Now, however, Judy has lost her beauty and is being treated unfairly by her husband. This husband runs off with other women, leaving Judy alone to raise the kids. In closing, we see who cleverly Fitzgerald develops theme and storyline. Fitzgerald also learned how to shape his short stories to meet the needs of magazine readers while, at the same time, using these serious themes as springboards into longer fiction. Winter Dream is centered around characterization. It’s the characters and their interactions with one another that make this story so empowering. Its impact is still felt today because so much of society continues to be tricked by external beauty’s advances. For, the true beauty comes from deep within the heart and soul of a person who shares their life instead of taking advantage of others. SOURCES F. Scott Fitzgerald  Ã‚   http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/fitzgeraldbio.html#winterdreams Introduction to the Short Story  Ã‚   dhttp://www.people.vcu.edu/~bmangum/fitzstories.html